Una tomba particolarissima, a recinto, con una facciata decorata da piante verdi su fondo blu e una camera per l’inumazione. Ma anche un’iscrizione marmorea dalla quale arriva la prima conferma che nei teatri della colonia romana, almeno negli ultimi decenni prima dell’eruzione del 79 d.C, si recitava pure in lingua greca.
E’ ancora una volta una storia affascinante e piena di mistero quella che arriva dall’ultima straordinaria scoperta del Parco Archeologico di Pompei, riportata alla luce grazie ad una campagna di scavi condotta insieme con l’Università Europea di Valencia. Un ritrovamento sul quale è al lavoro un team interdisciplinare di esperti e da cui ci si aspetta tantissimo – sottolineano unanimi il direttore del Parco Gabriel Zuchtriegel e Llorenç Alapont dell’Università di Valencia – anche per le condizioni di conservazione del defunto, che appare in parte mummificato, la testa ricoperta di capelli bianchi, un orecchio parzialmente conservato, così come piccole porzioni del tessuto che lo avvolgeva. “Uno degli scheletri meglio conservati della città antica”, anticipa all’ANSA Zuchtriegel. Di fatto, insomma, una miniera d’oro di dati scientifici. “Pompei non smette di stupire e si conferma una storia di riscatto, un modello internazionale, un luogo in cui si è tornati a fare ricerca e nuovi scavi” applaude il ministro della cultura Dario Franceschini, ringraziando “le tante professionalità dei beni culturali che con il loro lavoro non smettono di regalare al mondo risultati straordinari che sono motivo di orgoglio per l’Italia”.
Costruita subito all’esterno di Porta Sarno, uno degli importanti varchi di accesso alla città, la tomba, che risale agli ultimi decenni di vita di Pompei, appartiene a Marcus Venerius Secundio, un liberto che nella vita era stato prima il custode del Tempio di Venere, un tempio molto importante perché proprio a Venere i romani avevano intitolato la città, nonché minister degli augustali e infine, sicuramente solo dopo la manomissione, anche Augustale, ovvero membro di un collegio di sacerdoti del culto imperiale. Un ex schiavo, quindi, che dopo il riscatto aveva raggiunto un certo agio economico, abbastanza da potersi permettere una tomba di livello in un luogo assolutamente di prestigio. E tanto da potersi vantare, proprio nell’iscrizione del suo sepolcro, di aver dato “ludi greci e latini per la durata di quattro giorni”, cosa che poteva assimilarlo alla classe sociale più elevata e più colta della cittadina, perché in quel periodo, spiega Zuchtriegel, nell’area del Mediterraneo “la lingua greca era un po’ come oggi per noi l’inglese” , molto diffusa, quindi, ma non alla portata di tutti a Pompei dove comunque le famiglie più agiate impazzivano per Omero, Eschilo, Euripide.
Tant’è, i primi esami sul corpo ci dicono che la morte ha colto il nostro uomo già anziano, ” Doveva avere più di 60 anni e non aveva mai svolto lavori particolarmente pesanti”, anticipa il direttore. Dati compatibili con le caratteristiche del suo nome, che lo indica come un ex schiavo ‘pubblico’, uno dei tanti che a Roma o nelle città di provincia svolgevano lavori di custodia o amministrativi. Ma perché farsi inumare, scegliendo per sé un rito che veniva usato in epoca molto più antica piuttosto che nel mondo greco ma non a Pompei dove, con la sola eccezione dei bambini, i cadaveri venivano cremati? Tra le ipotesi possibili, ragiona il direttore generale dei musei statali Massimo Osanna, quella che Marcus Venerius Secundio si sentisse o fosse estraneo al corpo sociale della città, uno straniero insomma, forse arrivato proprio da qualche altro luogo dell’impero romano o da Roma “dove in quel periodo alcune famiglie continuavano a praticare l’inumazione, cosa che diventerà poi usuale dal secolo successivo”.
I misteri non si esauriscono qui: nel recinto della tomba, alle spalle della cella sigillata nella quale era adagiato il corpo di Secundio, sono state trovate due urne, una delle quali in vetro appartiene ad una donna chiamata Novia Amabilis, forse la moglie del defunto, ipotizzano gli archeologi, per la quale si sarebbe usato un rito più propriamente pompeiano. Ma perché alla signora sarebbe stato riservato un trattamento diverso? Senza contare il giallo della parziale mummificazione del cadavere di Secundio che potrebbe essere dovuta alla perfetta chiusura della camera sepolcrale, certo, ma anche ad una pratica di imbalsamazione: “Potremo capirne di più dall’analisi dei tessuti – ci dice Alapont – dalle fonti sappiamo che determinate stoffe come l’asbesto venivano usate per l’imbalsamazione”. Il professore allarga le braccia: “Anche per chi come me si occupa di archeologia funeraria da tempo, la straordinaria ricchezza di dati offerta da questa tomba, dall’iscrizione alle sepolture , ai resti osteologici e alla facciata dipinta, è un fatto eccezionale, che conferma l’importanza di adottare un approccio interdisciplinare, come l’Università di Valencia e il Parco archeologico di Pompei hanno fatto in questo progetto”. Studi, analisi e nuove ricerche potranno insomma far luce su questo mistero e nello stesso tempo aggiungere tanti altri preziosi tasselli alla storia della città. Intanto si studia come includere anche la necropoli di Porta Sarno e la tomba di Secundio nell’itinerario delle visite. “Al momento purtroppo non è possibile perché il terreno su cui si trova è al di là della ferrovia Circumvesuviana, ma è solo una questione di tempo – assicura Zuchtriegel- siamo al lavoro su uno studio di fattibilità”.
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