Di Sabrina Del Fico
Un nuovo studio rivela come la proteina trasportatrice MFSD2A funga da varco di ingresso per l’accesso degli acidi grassi omega-3 al cervello. Questa scoperta potrebbe rivelarsi fondamentale nel trattamento di patologie neurologiche.
Una delle sfide più difficili da superare nel trattamento delle malattie neurologiche è fare in modo che i farmaci oltrepassino la barriera di sangue e arrivino al cervello, poiché la presenza di uno strato di cellule molto compatto protegge i vasi sanguigni cerebrali e impedisce a tossine, agenti patogeni e anche ad alcuni nutrienti l’accesso al cervello. Sfortunatamente, questa ‘protezione’ blocca anche l’accesso a numerosi farmaci che altrimenti potrebbero essere molto utili nel trattamento delle malattie neurologiche.
Nutrienti essenziali come gli omega-3 richiedono l’assistenza di proteine trasportatrici dedicate che li riconoscono e permettono loro l’attraversamento della barriera – un po’ come dei buttafuori, che fanno entrare solo le molecole invitate, spiegano gli studiosi. Il trasporto che permette agli acidi grassi omega-3 di entrare nel cervello è chiamato MFSD2A, ed è ciò su cui i ricercatori della Columbia University si sono concentrati.
Siamo riusciti a ottenere la struttura tridimensionale della proteina trasportatrice che offre una via di accesso al cervello per le molecole omega-3 – spiega Rosemary J. Cater, autrice dello studio. – In questa struttura, possiamo vedere come gli omega-3 si leghino al trasportatore. Questa informazione ci permette di elaborare delle droghe che imitano il comportamento degli omega-3 e che usano questo stesso metodo per arrivare al cervello.
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Per visualizzare la proteina, il team di ricercatori ha utilizzato un microscopio crio-elettronico, che ha permesso di osservare la forma della molecola trasportatrice con dettaglio incredibile, fino a una frazione di un milionesimo di metro: le molecole sono state sospese in un sottile strato di ghiaccio, mentre potenti obiettivi hanno scattato foto della proteina da diverse angolazioni. Tutte le foto raccolte sono state poi messe insieme a costruire un modello 3D.
la struttura mostra che MFSD2A ha una forma di ‘scodella’ e che gli omega-3 trasportati si attaccano su un lato specifico della scodella – prosegue la professoressa Cater. – Ciò che siamo riusciti a osservare finora è soltanto un’istantanea della proteina, ora dobbiamo capire come questa funziona esattamente in movimento scattando più fotografie o, meglio ancora, registrando un video del trasporto della molecola.
Il team di ricercatori sta indagando anche come la proteina trasportatrice sia in grado di riconoscere le molecole di omega-3 nel flusso sanguigno, ma per questo saranno necessari ulteriori studi.
Fonte: Nature, GreenMe
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