PINO ARLACCHI
(Ex vice-segretario dell’Onu)
Cosa faranno i militari di nuovo al potere in Myanmar, e come regoleranno i loro rapporti con la signora Aung San Suu Kyi, l’ex icona dei diritti umani, premio Nobel 1991, che governa il paese dal 2010, protagonista della politica birmana da più di un trentennio?Non credo che il governo militare durerà a lungo. Non siamo di fronte all’avvento di un altro dei lunghi cicli autoritari che hanno segnato la storia della Birmania dall’indipendenza in poi. Il paese è andato troppo avanti. L’erosione del potere delle forze armate è troppo avanzata, e la forza della “lady di ferro” asiatica è cresciuta ormai oltre il punto del non ritorno.
Ma qui intendo parlare di una storia che ho vissuto in Myanmar durante il mio mandato all’ONU, e che ricordo ancora con una certa emozione.Il Myanmar è ancora oggi un importante paese produttore di oppio. Anzi, è rimasto il primo produttore dell’Asia orientale dopo l’eliminazione delle coltivazioni illecite in Tailandia e Laos durante gli anni ‘90. Parlo di uno di quei successi dell’ONU che nessuno conosce, e di cui vado molto orgoglioso per avervi contribuito.
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Arrivai in Myanmar nel maggio 1998 con un piano palese che riguardava l’incoraggiamento delle produzioni alternative all’oppio coltivato nel Nord del paese, al confine con la Cina, e con un piano non ufficiale, concordato con il Segretario Generale, Kofi Annan, che consisteva nel convincere la signora San Suu Kyi ed i generali al potere ad aprire un dialogo sotto l’egida delle Nazioni Unite. Si trattava di istituire quello che in Italia chiamiamo oggi un “tavolo” di trattative. Ma un tavolo a tre: il governo militare, la signora leader del partito di opposizione represso dalla dittatura ed i capi delle tribù che dominavano coltivazione e traffico degli oppiacei. Feci un avventuroso viaggio nelle zone controllate dai Wa, dai Karen e da altri soggetti, ed ottenni l’assenso dei loro leader (vi risparmio i particolari dell’accordo per non mettere a disagio chi non conosce come vanno certe cose da quelle parti). Il tema della droga era l’unico che permettesse ai lati di un triangolo di ostilità quasi assolute di stare assieme e comporre la figura. Tutte le parti, anche gli odiati golpisti, avevano bisogno di parlarsi dopo essersi scontrate sanguinosamente. Kofi Annan mi seguiva passo passo sperando di fare il “breakthrough”, il colpo grosso marcato ONU di una transizione verso la democrazia da parte di una tirannia tra le più orribili del pianeta.Ma il piano fallì per colpa proprio di Aung San Suu Kyi, il cui pregiudizio quasi razziale contro i non-birmani del Nord le impedì di partecipare a un negoziato che avrebbe potuto anticipare di un decennio il ritorno della democrazia nel suo paese.
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