di Tom Fowdy* – RT
Vladimir Putin dice che è “del tutto possibile immaginare” un patto di difesa in piena regola tra Mosca e Pechino nel prossimo futuro. Un simile accordo trasformerebbe l’equilibrio geopolitico e costituirebbe un grosso problema per gli Stati Uniti e la NATO.
Poco più di 70 anni fa, Stalin e Mao contrattarono a Mosca per creare il trattato sino-sovietico di breve durata. Con la rivoluzione comunista cinese ancora fresca, Pechino si rivolse all’Unione Sovietica per ottenere supporto economico e militare per assicurarsi il suo nuovo stato.
Ideologicamente sulla stessa linea, le due potenze avevano un nemico comune: gli Stati Uniti ei loro alleati.
Assicurandosi un’amicizia con la Cina, Stalin sperava infine di spostare l’equilibrio della Guerra Fredda lontano dall’Europa e in Asia, dandogli un vantaggio strategico sulla NATO.
La storia potrebbe ripetersi. Il presidente russo Vladimir Putin ieri ha commentato di non poter escludere una potenziale alleanza militare tra Mosca e Pechino. Anche se ha osservato che un tale legame non era attualmente necessario, ha osservato, “in teoria, è abbastanza possibile immaginarlo ” , e che, ” senza alcun dubbio, la nostra cooperazione con la Cina sta rafforzando la capacità di difesa dell’esercito cinese “, e “il tempo mostreremo come si svilupperà … non lo escluderemo. “
Indubbiamente, i legami strategici della Cina con la Russia si stanno rafforzando. Sebbene non vedano assolutamente a portata di mani, cosa li porta a questo? E quale sarebbe la conseguenza di una simile alleanza? Alla fine, i due paesi si ritrovano di nuovo uniti dalla premessa “Il nemico del mio nemico è mio amico ” e si scontreranno con gli Stati Uniti ei loro alleati del trattato. Ciò ha già portato a un’ampia cooperazione militare e tecnologica. L’esito, tuttavia, di un patto militare formale sarebbe fastidioso per Washington, spostando l’equilibrio di potere attraverso la massa continentale eurasiatica, nonché sulle frontiere specifiche su cui ha cercato di prendere di mira Russia e Cina.
La svolta per una crescente affiliazione strategica tra Pechino e Mosca è iniziata nel 2014. Di fronte alla crisi ucraina e alle sanzioni occidentali, Putin si è rivolto alla Cina per diversificare la strategia economica della Russia, firmando diversi importanti accordi sui gasdotti che hanno visto la Federazione Russa approfondire il proprio ruolo nel fornire energia alla Cina. A sua volta, questo periodo ha visto anche la Russia diventare una componente fondamentale dell’iniziativa Belt and Road di Pechino , consentendo agli investimenti cinesi di collegare l’Eurasia con ambiziosi sviluppi infrastrutturali, inclusa la costruzione di strade e ferrovie attraverso il territorio russo che hanno permesso alla Cina di stabilire rotte terrestri dirette verso Nazioni europee.
Ma con l’intensificarsi di questo rapporto economico, c’è stato anche quello militare. Anche la Cina si è trovata in prima linea in un crescente antagonismo negli ultimi anni da parte dell’Occidente, non ultimi gli Stati Uniti. Mentre la preoccupazione della Russia è stata la frontiera dell’Europa orientale e l’espansione della NATO verso est , la Cina, d’altra parte, deve affrontare una crescente presenza militare da parte degli Stati Uniti e dei suoi alleati attorno alla sua frontiera marittima nel Mar Cinese meridionale e orientale, con Washington che reclamizza la sua iniziativa “Indo-Pacifico libera e aperta” come tentativo di contenere Pechino.
Entrambi i paesi sono al sicuro all’interno delle loro masse continentali, ma affrontano costanti grattacapi strategici su queste ” periferie ostili “, e qui è dove la copertura degli interessi comuni nella cooperazione militare.
Che impatto avrebbe una simile alleanza? Un accordo formale alla fine porrà problemi all’America e ai suoi alleati. Prima di tutto, nel nord-est asiatico intorno alla penisola coreana e al Giappone, una partnership Russia-Cina cambierebbe completamente l’equilibrio di potere, soprattutto in termini di potenza aerea e navale. L’aggiunta della Russia nelle controversie sul Mar Cinese Meridionale amplierebbe anche il dominio di Pechino nella regione, in particolare nell’aria, se la Cina offrisse l’accesso alle basi in questa regione.
Allo stesso modo, l’aggiunta di capacità cinesi in Europa rappresenterebbe anche nuove sfide per la NATO. L’accoppiamento ribalterebbe anche l’equilibrio delle forze nucleari nel mondo contro gli Stati Uniti, provocando probabilmente una corsa agli armamenti.
Ovviamente è tutto ipotetico. I paesi hanno interessi crescenti ed è probabile che prima intensifichino la loro cooperazione strategica, economica e tecnologica – ad esempio, la Russia sta fornendo un bastione per Huawei mentre gli Stati Uniti tentano di costringerla a uscire dai mercati occidentali – ma, tuttavia, non lo è abbastanza per formare un matrimonio impegnato. Mosca e Pechino hanno differenze. Un coinvolgimento della Cina sul fronte europeo della NATO inasprirebbe ulteriormente i suoi tentativi di migliorare le relazioni commerciali e di investimento con l’Unione Europea, mentre la Russia continua allo stesso modo ad avere interessi nei rapporti con l’India, che è stata in prima linea nell’attrito militare cinese.
Tuttavia, si può notare che queste differenze non sono in controtendenza. La cooperazione tra i due paesi continuerà a crescere – per lo meno, ognuno funge da contrappeso strategico vitale per proteggersi dalle politiche di contenimento, sanzioni e antagonismo poste dall’alleanza occidentale. Chiaramente hanno bisogno l’uno dell’altro, ma non è ancora certo se questo ad un certo punto si tradurrà in un’alleanza militare formale. Ma è una prospettiva che sicuramente preoccuperà i politici occidentali.
*Scrittore e analista britannico di politica e relazioni internazionali con un focus primario sull’Asia orientale.
Tratto da: L’Antidiplomatico
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