Che favorisse problemi respiratori e asma era noto ma per la prima volta l’inquinamento atmosferico è stato associato anche alla perdita progressiva e irreversibile della vista. A rivelarlo è un nuovo studio condotto in Gan Bretagna.
Secondo la ricerca portata coordinata dal prof. Paul Foster dell’University College of London (Institute of Ophthalmology), l’inquinamento atmosferico è legato a un rischio maggiore di perdita della vista progressiva e irreversibile, una malattia nota come degenerazione maculare legata all’età (AMD o DMLE). In un ampio studio a lungo termine, i ricercatori dell’UCL hanno scoperto che le persone che vivono nelle aree più inquinate presentano almeno l’8% di probabilità in più di essere colpiti da AMD.
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Quest’ultima è la principale causa di cecità irreversibile tra le persone sopra i 50 anni nei paesi ad alto reddito. Si prevede che il numero di persone colpite raggiungerà 300 milioni entro il 2040. I fattori di rischio noti includono l’età avanzata, il fumo e fattori genetici ma adesso sappiamo che anche i veleni che riempiono l’aria danno il loro terribile contributo.
L’inquinamento atmosferico è stato implicato in condizioni cerebrali come il morbo di Alzheimer, il morbo di Parkinson e l’ictus. Uno studio del 2019 dello stesso gruppo di ricerca ha scoperto che l’inquinamento atmosferico era collegato a un elevato rischio di glaucoma. L’esposizione al particolato è uno dei più forti predittori di mortalità tra gli inquinanti atmosferici.
Adesso, per vedere se l’inquinamento atmosferico avesse a che fare con l’ AMD, i ricercatori hanno attinto ai dati di 115.954 partecipanti allo studio della biobanca britannica, riferiti a persone di età compresa tra 40 e 69 anni senza problemi agli occhi all’inizio dello studio, nel 2006. Ai partecipanti è stato chiesto di segnalare qualsiasi diagnosi formale di AMD da parte di un medico. Sono stati valutati anche i cambiamenti strutturali nello spessore e nel numero dei recettori della luce nella retina – indicativi di AMD – in 52.602 partecipanti, per i quali erano disponibili dati completi nel 2009 e nel 2012, utilizzando l’imaging retinico.
Le misurazioni dell’inquinamento atmosferico includevano invece il particolato (PM2,5), il biossido di azoto (NO2) e gli ossidi di azoto (NOx). Le stime sono state fornite dalla Small Area Health Statistics Unit nell’ambito del progetto BioSHaRE-EU Environmental Determinants of Health. Le informazioni ufficiali sul traffico, l’uso del suolo e la topografia sono state utilizzate per calcolare i livelli medi annuali di inquinamento atmosferico presso gli indirizzi di casa dei partecipanti.
Il team di ricerca ha scoperto che le persone in aree con livelli più elevati di inquinamento da particolato fine avevano maggiori probabilità di riferire di avere AMD. In particolare, hanno riscontrato una differenza dell’8% tra le persone che vivevano nel 25 ° e 75 ° percentile dei livelli di inquinamento. Tutti gli inquinanti erano associati a cambiamenti nella struttura della retina.
“Qui abbiamo identificato un altro rischio per la salute rappresentato dall’inquinamento atmosferico, rafforzando l’evidenza che il miglioramento dell’aria che respiriamo dovrebbe essere una priorità fondamentale per la salute pubblica. I nostri risultati suggeriscono che vivere in un’area con aria inquinata, particolato particolarmente fine o particelle legate alla combustione che provengono dal traffico stradale, potrebbe contribuire alle malattie degli occhi” ha detto il professor Paul Fosterò
Lo studio, pubblicato sul British Journal of Ophthalmology, ha rivelato inoltre che anche un’esposizione relativamente bassa all’inquinamento atmosferico sembra avere un impatto sul rischio di AMD. Di conseguenza, l’inquinamento atmosferico è un importante fattore di rischio che influenza le malattie degli occhi per un numero molto elevato di persone, in tutto il mondo.
Alla base potrebbe esserci o stress ossidativo o infiammazione. Un motivo in più per cercare di ridurre l’inquinamento atmosferico, pericoloso per la nostra salute a 360°.
Fonti di riferimento: Eurekalert, British Journal of Ophthalmology , GreenMe
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