Di Francesca Biagioli
Non solo nel cibo che consumiamo ogni giorno, tracce di glifosato (e ben al di sopra dei limiti consentiti) si trovano anche nei fiumi italiani. Uno studio ha preso in esame la situazione delle acque lombarde che sono risultate “avvelenate” dal controverso erbicida, trovato in alcuni casi a livelli fino a 8 volte il limite di legge.
Un nuovo studio, condotto dall’Università Statale di Milano e coordinato da Caterina La Porta, docente di Patologia generale del dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali e Stefano Bocchi, docente di Agronomia dello stesso dipartimento, ha valutato la presenza di erbicidi e insetticidi in fiumi e acque sotterranee della Lombardia. I risultati, anche stavolta, non sono certo confortanti e mostrano un livello di inquinamento da pesticidi molto alto.
Nelle acque lombarde (soprattutto quelle superficiali), infatti, vi è una grande presenza di sostanze chimiche, in particolare di glifosato e Ampa (metabolita che deriva dalla trasformazione dell’erbicida). I livelli in alcuni casi sono davvero preoccupanti, si parla infatti di concentrazioni superiori di 8 volte ai limiti consentiti, come nel caso della zona della Roggia Vignola in provincia di Varese.
I ricercatori hanno utilizzato i dati geolocalizzati Arpa del 2018 relativi alle sostanze inquinanti (soprattutto di origine agricola) presenti nelle acque della regione e li hanno elaborati in modo da individuare le combinazioni di pesticidi più frequenti. Lo scopo dello studio, pubblicato su Scientific Reports, era non a caso anche quello di valutare gli effetti del mix di queste sostanze sull’ambiente, quello che è ormai noto come effetto cocktail.
Metalli pesanti nelle unghie di centinaia di bambini a Barletta, report shock dell’ASL
In merito al quale i ricercatori scrivono:
Anche se un singolo pesticida potrebbe essere allo stesso tempo efficace e sicuro a una concentrazione sufficientemente bassa, oggi la questione principale è l’impatto dell’accumulo di più pesticidi nell’ambiente, considerando l’intero ecosistema e inclusi gli esseri umani.
Le figure allegate allo studio, che mostrano la geolocalizzazione, evidenziano una grande concentrazione di glifosato nella zona di Roggia Vignola (8 volte sopra i limiti di legge) mentre l’Ampa (il metabolita che si forma dal glifosato) si trova in fiumi come Seveso e Olona (Varese).
Spesso insieme al glifosato, soprattutto nelle acque delle aree agricole, si trovano anche altri pesticidi come Terbutilazina, Bentazon, 2,4-Diclorofenolo e Metolaclor.
Gli autori in merito alle contaminazioni scrivono:
Abbiamo osservato nove record relativi al glifosato che superano la concentrazione di 10 μg/l mentre Ampa si trova ad una concentrazione di 134 μg/l.
Non sono esenti dalla presenza di insetticidi le zone alpine e valli e pianure dove si pratica agricoltura intensiva (contaminate soprattutto da erbicidi).
I possibili effetti sinergici di questi composti sull’ambiente sono stati studiati utilizzando l’alga C. reinhardtii come biosensore. In merito a questa scelta gli autori scrivono:
Alghe e microalghe sono noti indicatori biologici per la valutazione della qualità dell’acqua e del suolo. Rispondono infatti rapidamente ai cambiamenti della qualità ambientale permettendo di monitorare gli effetti sinergici e antagonistici dei vari inquinanti.
E poi aggiungono:
I nostri risultati mostrano che l’esposizione per 7 giorni a quattro composti, che abbiamo trovato presenti insieme ad alta concentrazione nelle acque superficiali, è stata in grado di indurre uno stress nelle alghe, come indicato dalla presenza di palmelloidi. (…) Non abbiamo osservato alcun effetto significativo sul tasso di crescita di C. reinhardtii. Tuttavia, abbiamo scoperto che l’esposizione all’AMPA e al Glifosato, da soli o in combinazione con Terbutilazina e Bentazon, nonché il mix dei quattro composti, porta ad un’ampia distribuzione dimensionale con la presenza di picchi nella distribuzione dimensionale maggiore, ovvero la dimensione tipica degli aggregati cellulari (forma palmelloide).
In pratica l’alga ha manifestato situazioni di stress (con la progressiva comparsa di neoformazioni palmelloidi) in presenza di dosi crescenti di glifosato e delle altre sostanze analizzate.
Non è certo la prima volta che uno studio evidenzia la contaminazione da glifosato dei nostri fiumi. Vi avevamo parlato del Rapporto Ispra 2020 che aveva individuato ben 299 sostanze inquinanti in laghi, fiumi e acque sotterranee del nostro paese, di cui quella più presente era proprio il glifosato. (Leggi anche: Qual è il pesticida più presente nelle acque di fiumi e laghi italiani? Il Glifosato secondo il Rapporto Ispra 2020).
Fonte: Scientific Reports, GreenMe
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