Di Alessandro Avvisato
Le spese militari, secondo il Sipri di Stoccolma, sono passate dai 1.790 miliardi di dollari nel 2011 ai 1.960 miliardi nel 2020, con un incremento di quasi il 10%.
Ciò significa che nel decennio appena trascorso il mercato internazionale della armi e degli armamenti è rimasto costante ma ha visto anche importanti cambiamenti: qualche piccolo passo indietro per Russia, Regno Unito e Italia e un rilevante incremento per Corea del Sud, Israele e Francia e, in maniera più contenuta, per la Germania.
Secondo la newsletter Affari Internazionali, la produzione di armamenti è salita dai 439 miliardi di dollari del 2011 ai 531 del 2020 con un aumento del 21%.
Fra le prime 100 imprese operanti nel settore militare ci sono molte novità rispetto al passato: cinque sono cinesi (tutte fra le prime 20 e ben tre fra le prime 10); cinque giapponesi; cinque sud-coreane; tre israeliane; tre indiane; una turca.
Complessivamente le esportazioni dei dieci maggiori esportatori nel periodo 2016-2020 sono state così distribuite: USA 37%, Russia 20%, Francia 8,2%, Germania 5,5%, Cina, 5,2%, Regno Unito 3,3%, Spagna 3,2%, Israele 3%, Corea del Sud 2,7%, Italia 2,2%.
I maggiori paesi importatori sono stati, invece, Arabia Saudita con 11%, India 9,5%, Egitto 5,8%, Australia 5,1%, Cina 4,7%, Corea del Sud 4,3%, Algeria 4,3%, Qatar 3,8%, Emirati Arabi Uniti 3%, Pakistan 2,7%.
L’incremento del Medio Oriente è confermato dal confronto fra i due quinquenni: 33% nell’ultimo quinquennio contro il 26% precedente.
Non ci sono ancora dati sull’ultimo biennio pandemico, ma quelli sul fatturato delle principali imprese (che coprono anche il 2020) sembrano confermare che la crescita di spese e mercato militari non si è mai interrotta.
Sono infatti sempre più numerose le aree di crisi. Si sono aggravate le tensioni tra la Nato e la Russia. La competizione fra Stati Uniti e Cina ha ormai assunto contorni anche militari, coinvolgendo altri paesi dell’area indo-pacifica.
Su scala minore c’è l’interventismo militare della Turchia su più scacchieri, contribuendo all’instabilità del Mediterraneo orientale, talvolta mettendosi in contrapposizione con la Nato di cui pure continua a far parte. Israele continua con i suoi raid sulla Siria e minaccia l’Iran.
Secondo Affari Internazionali questo quadro ha spinto molti paesi verso il “rafforzamento delle loro capacità di difesa e sicurezza, puntando a rafforzarsi nel dominio aereo e navale e in particolare nel settore dei velivoli da combattimento, sia pilotati che a pilotaggio remoto, in quello navale, anti-aereo e anti-missile e spaziale”.
La spinta al riarmo dei paesi acquirenti si somma a quella dei produttori, che si apprestano a far i conti con quello che viene definito “approccio multi-dominio” e che, oltre l’informatica, riguarda anche la militarizzazione dello spazio.
Fra i principali cambiamenti nell’industria militare globale Affari Internazionali ne segnala alcuni più evidenti:
- La comparsa di nuovi paesi produttori con le loro imprese. Cina, Israele, Corea del Sud hanno ormai quote significative del mercato internazionale, precedendo l’Italia ormai scesa al decimo posto. 22 delle prime 100 imprese operanti nella difesa appartengono a questi paesi e a Giappone, India e Turchia. Quando queste ultime avranno consolidato la loro attività grazie al mercato interno, inevitabilmente si rivolgeranno al mercato internazionale, creando nuova competizione.
- Un settore che sta conoscendo una forte crescita è quello dei velivoli a pilotaggio remoto (sistemi ormai collaudati, facilmente utilizzabili e “spendibili” negli scenari a minore intensità militare). Anche se è difficile quantificarne le esportazioni, la Turchia sta incontrandovi crescenti successi, ma altri paesi potrebbero seguirla, a partire dall’Iran.
- Lo stesso sta avvenendo con i missili ipersonici, dove Russia e Cina sono riuscite a sorprendere Stati Uniti e Nato, portandosi per ora in netto vantaggio e confermando che, alla fine, l’innovazione tecnologica nell’utilizzo dello spazio (sia per i satelliti di osservazione, navigazione e comunicazione, sia per i lanciatori) è un moltiplicatore di potenza anche in campo militare.
- Più indietro, ma altrettanto pericolosa è l’evoluzione della subacquea (a propulsione nucleare o convenzionale, con i nuovi motori indipendenti dall’aria). La “furtività” dei sottomarini consente loro di operare in prossimità di una novantina di paesi marittimi oltre che di minacciare il sistema di trasporto navale, produzione e trasferimento di energia, linee di trasmissione dati. Essendo sistemi complessi, la loro produzione e diffusione segue un ritmo più lento, ma è destinata a pesare molto sul futuro mercato della difesa (anche a prescindere dallo sviluppo di sistemi automatizzati).
- Queste nuove “spade” spingono inevitabilmente verso il rafforzamento di ogni tipo di “scudo”, ma, in particolare, dei sistemi di difesa missilistica. Per intercettare efficacemente droni, velivoli pilotati e missili serve una difesa multistrato in grado di arrivare il più lontano e prima possibile e ridurre progressivamente il numero di bersagli in arrivo sull’obiettivo. Sono oggi i sistemi più complessi da sviluppare, per ora solo alla portata dei produttori più avanzati anche perché coinvolgono spazio, comando-controllo-comunicazioni, armi a energia diretta e missilistica”.
Dopo anni di mezze misure anche il mercato europeo della Difesa indica dei cambiamenti. È stato avviato,l’EDF-European Defence Fund, che nei prossimi sette anni contribuirà a finanziare lo sviluppo tecnologico nel settore della Difesa.
Sta per essere approvato lo Strategic Compass (la Bussola Strategica illustrata anche da Draghi in un suo recente intervento al Senato, ndr), che dovrebbe guidare il rafforzamento delle capacità europee di difesa e sicurezza.
La PESCO-Permanent Structured Cooperation trarrà molti vantaggi dalla fine del principio dell’unanimità nelle decisioni della Ue e che verrà sostituita dalle “cooperazioni rafforzate” tra alcuni paesi.
Nell’analisi di Affari Internazionali si ricorda come quasi ventiquattro anni fa i sei principali paesi europei cominciarono a definire un percorso comune nel settore della difesa che era probabilmente prematuro e si arenò rapidamente.
“Oggi i tempi sembrano maturi affinché i cinque rimasti (Francia, Germania, Italia, Spagna e Svezia) raccolgano nuovamente nelle loro mani la sfida dell’innovazione e della competizione globale”.
Il riarmo crescente e l’aumento delle spese e dell’industria militari sono sempre stati un pessimo segnale, ma che non incontra – da sempre – alcuna opposizione da parte di governi e parlamenti, siano essi governati dai reazionari o dai “progressisti”.
Tratto da: Contropiano.org
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